An American Gulag in the Making
by Doug McVay, Common
Sense for Drug Policy
Originally published in the Orlando Sentinel- Sept.
29, 2002
http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v02/n1836/a09.html
Republished with permission- October 1, 2002
Former US Drug Czar Barry McCaffrey
"We have created an American gulag,"
declared former drug czar Barry McCaffrey in 1996, describing
the widespread and accelerating incarceration of drug offenders.
Unfortunately, the American drug gulag has
grown even larger since then. And it is a phenomenon that has
a human and financial cost.
In 1990, the entire federal prison system
held a total of 56,989 inmates for all offenses combined. By the
time McCaffrey made his observation in '96, there were 55,000
drug offenders in federal prisons. In 2000, federal prisons held
almost 130,000 inmates, of which 75,000 were drug offenders.
Who are we sending to the drug gulag and
why? The answer may be surprising.
Many federal prisoners are first-time offenders.
According to the federal Bureau of Justice Statistics, 46 percent
of drug offenders convicted in federal courts in 1999 were first-time
offenders. Of these, 91 percent were sentenced to 49.2 months
on average.
There is also a strong and growing federal
focus on marijuana, even though more-dangerous drugs are becoming
cheaper to attain. In 1997, nearly 19 percent of federal drug
offenders were serving time for marijuana. In 1999, 30 percent
of the drug offenders convicted in federal courts were marijuana
offenders. In 1999, more than 90 percent of such offenders were
sentenced to an average of 33.8 months in federal prison.
For their part, the individual states hold
more than a quarter of a million drug offenders in prisons, 21
percent of the total 1,206,400 state prison inmates. Frequently
these are low-level, minor offenders: possession offenders account
for more than 27 percent of all drug offenders in state prisons;
more than 10 percent of all drug offenders in state prisons were
convicted of marijuana offenses.
The state of Florida, with the third-largest
state prison system in the United States according to BJS, had
an inmate population of 72,406 at the end of 2001. Nearly 18 percent
of them are drug offenders.
The road to the American drug gulag begins
with an arrest. In 2000, the FBI reports there were 1,579,566
arrests for drug offenses nationally -- the third year in a row
of 1.5 million-plus drug arrests, up from just over 1 million
in 1990. Marijuana arrests numbered 734,497 in 2000, of which
646,042 were simple possession. These aren't like minor traffic
tickets. These are real arrests, each of which takes up at least
a few hours of a police officer's, or a DEA agent's, time.
To compare: Nationally, in 2000, there were
625,132 arrests for all violent crimes, and 1,620,928 arrests
for all property crimes. The FBI notes that annually, less than
half of all violent crimes are "cleared" -- that is,
an offender is arrested and charged with the crime, though not
necessarily convicted -- and only 16.7 percent of property crimes.
Meanwhile, heroin and cocaine are available
nationwide at lower prices and higher purity than ever before.
Abuse indicators such as overdose deaths and emergency-room episodes
are also at record highs.
The farther along the road to the drug gulag
we go, the more racist the system appears. The Household Survey
reports that 77 percent of drug users are white, 12 percent are
black, and 10 percent are Hispanic. Further, research from the
National Institute of Justice indicates that most drug users usually
buy their drugs from people of their own ethnicity/race.
And there are almost equal numbers of white
and African-American felony drug defendants in state courts. Yet,
on conviction, African-American drug defendants are much more
likely than whites to be sentenced to incarceration.
photo from Human
Rights and the Drug War
As a result, within the drug gulag the racial
divide is stark: African- Americans comprise 57.8 percent of drug
offenders in state prisons and 40 percent of federal drug prisoners;
whites, 23 percent of state drug prisoners and 24 percent of federal
drug prisoners; and Hispanics, 17.2 percent of state drug prisoners
and 33 percent of federal drug prisoners.
In Florida's prison system, 24 percent of
drug offenders are white, 73.4 percent are black. Unfortunately,
Florida doesn't provide an estimate of the number of Hispanic
offenders -- something the feds and most states started doing
only relatively recently.
How did the drug gulag grow so quickly?
Much of the growth is the result of mandatory
minimum sentencing laws. These laws give judges no leeway in sentencing,
and are simply based on the type and quantity of drugs involved
in the offense.
Recoiling from the fact that their hands
are tied, some senior judges on the federal bench now refuse to
accept drug cases to protest these rules. There is growing resistance
to these laws among the public as well, but until they change,
the gulag continues to grow.
Beyond the human cost, this American drug
gulag is expensive to operate. The federal Bureau of Prisons is
currently spending $3 billion a year just to incarcerate drug
offenders. Even so, prison construction lags terribly behind demand:
BJS reports that the federal prison system is 31 percent over
its maximum capacity. Federal authorities have to build one new
medium-size prison per month just to keep a bad situation from
getting worse as the numbers, and the cost, continue to grow.
Financing of the drug gulag also perpetuates
its growth, because states are forced to make treacherous budget
choices. In many states, spending on prisons far outstrips spending
on education. According to a new report by the Justice Policy
Institute, "Cellblocks or Classrooms?" from 1985 to
2000 state corrections spending grew six times faster than state
spending on higher education -- state spending on corrections
grew 166 percent during that period versus a 24 percent increase
for the states' overall budgets.
Florida's performance here was better than
the national average: Corrections spending in Florida grew at
only 21/2 times the rate of higher education spending between
1985 and 2000. In 2000, the state of Florida spent $3.022 billion
from its general fund on higher education, and $1.554 billion
on corrections. That year, nearly as many African- American men
were in the state prison system as were enrolled in Florida's
colleges and universities (37,000 vs. 37,437 ).
Concerns like these are starting to slow
the growth of the American gulag, at least at the state level.
A number of states are experimenting with alternatives to incarceration.
In 1989, Miami-Dade County started the first drug court in the
nation; today, there are nearly 800 drug courts around the country.
Rules vary from state to state, as do success rates, but typically
they provide supervised treatment for low-level, nonviolent offenders
who would otherwise have been sent to jail or prison.
In 2000, voters in California approved a
broad treatment-alternative program, modeled after another successful
program in Arizona, which was also enacted by a ballot measure.
California is now reportedly reducing the rate at which drug offenders
are being incarcerated. A similar treatment-alternative proposal
is on the ballot in Ohio. Another proposal in Florida was held
up by the state Supreme Court until after the deadline for 2002;
it may appear on the 2004 ballot.
Treatment-alternative plans are beneficial
to those who qualify, but the treatment needs of those inside
the drug gulag go largely unmet. Only 14 percent of drug- and
alcohol-involved offenders at the state level enter treatment
after admission to prison, and 31 percent report participation
in some other substance-abuse program. Only 12 percent of federal
offenders receive treatment for substance abuse during their current
sentence, while 26 percent participate in other substance-abuse
programs while in prison.
Treatment in prisons is important because
most inmates eventually leave the gulag. Our failure to provide
treatment and other rehabilitation programs contributes greatly
to high recidivism rates for former drug prisoners: 66 percent
of drug offenders released from state prison are re-arrested within
three years of release -- 41 percent on another drug charge. Again,
the gulag fuels its own growth.
photo from the Florida
Department of Corrections
What can be done?
Repealing mandatory minimum sentencing laws
and providing treatment for inmates with alcohol and other drug
dependence is vital to slowing the growth of the American drug
gulag. But drug users shouldn't need to get arrested in order
to get treatment.
The more basic question is whether the criminal-justice
system is the appropriate mechanism to deal with adult drug use,
especially marijuana use. The drug war has raged for decades,
yet kids today report that marijuana is easier to obtain than
beer or cigarettes.
Perhaps it's time that we consider whether
regulating that market, rather than prohibiting it, would provide
greater protection for families and society.
--
Doug McVay
Editor, Drug War Facts
Research Director/Projects Coordinator
Common Sense for Drug Policy
1327 Harvard Street NW (lower level),
Washington, DC 20009
dmcvay@csdp.org
202-332-9101 -- fax 202-518-4028
http://www.csdp.org/
http://www.drugwarfacts.org/
